The role of the surface free energy in the selection of a suitable excipient in the course of a wet-granulation method

Pellets containing metronidazole were produced in a centrifugal granulator, with hydroxypropylcellulose (Klucel LF®) as binding agent, and corn starch, microcrystalline cellulose (Vivapur 101®) and lactose as excipients. The wettability of the pharmaceutical powders was assessed by means of contact angle measurements, and the dispersive and polar surface energies were determined. The spreading coefficients, the work of adhesion and the work of cohesion were calculated and correlated with the pellet properties (friability, bulk and tapped density, and porosity). The aim was to investigate the role of the surface free energy of one- and two-component powder compositions in pellet production. The interactions between the particles were found to be connected with the measured pellet parameters. It was concluded that, in the course of the growth of the pellets, the particle sizes of the pharmaceutical powders and the interactions between them are important. If the work of cohesion of the binder is lower than the work of cohesion of the substrate and the work of adhesion, then the optimal amount of the binding agent is that which coats the particles uniformly in minimal quantity and in continuous layer.     

饮用水二氧化氯-氯/氯胺联合消毒工艺的研究进展

联合消毒工艺是近些年来饮用水消毒处理的新动向。该文对国内外二氧化氯-氯/氯胺联合消毒工艺的科研成果进行概括和总结,指出二氧化氯-氯/氯胺联合消毒工艺的研究进展,并指出今后需解决的问题和发展方向。     

A Semi‐Batch Process for Nitroxide Mediated Radical Polymerization

Summary: A semi‐batch process using nitroxide mediated polymerization, was explored for the design of low molecular weight solvent‐borne coatings, typical of those used in the automotive industry. While living radical polymerization (LRP) offers many advantages in the control of polymer chain microstructure that may confer important physical and chemical property benefits to coatings, adapting LRP to a semi‐batch process poses significant challenges in the design and operation of the process. Using styrene monomer, various two‐component initiating systems (free radical initiator, 4‐hydroxy‐TEMPO) were studied to understand the effects of different initiators on the course of polymerization. In addition, an alkoxyamine was synthesized and used as the initiating source. The initiators Luperox 7M75 and Luperox 231 give higher polymerization rates and reasonable control over polymerization, while benzoyl peroxide (BPO), Vazo 67, and the alkoxyamine are less effective. The number of polymer chains in the final product is always less than the theoretical value, reflecting poor initiation efficiency, probably resulting from undesirable termination reactions that become important due to the nature of the semi‐batch process. Adding camphorsulfonic acid (CSA) or charging initiator concurrently with monomer during semi‐batch feed, can increase the polymerization rate while maintaining the living character of the polymerization. The copolymerization of styrene and butyl acrylate is also shown to exhibit living character.

Schematic representation of the exchange reaction to produce N‐TEMPO capped polymer chains.     

Bulk free radical polymerizations of methyl methacrylateunder non-isothermal conditions and with intermediate additionof initiator: Experiments and modeling

Experimental data on the monomer conversion, x_m, and the weight average molecular weight, M_w, have been generated under several isothermal and non-isothermal conditions for the polymerization of methyl methacrylate in a rheometer-reactor assembly. The non-isothermal results, in particular, can be used to provide more stringent tests of kinetic models than isothermal data alone. A simple empirical model has been used to describe this system that accounts for the gel (Trommsdorff) and glass effects. The model involves only x_m and the temperature, and is quite general. The model parameters are tuned using only three sets of isothermal data. Good agreement is found between the experimental results and model predictions for a whole variety of experimental conditions, including non-isothermal operation and with intermediate addition of initiator. Because of its generality, this model is quite suitable for use for on-line optimizing control as well as for describing industrial reactors.     

模拟输液器的热解特性

建立非化学计量平衡模型，根据Gibbs最小自由能原理对医疗垃圾中的典型组分输液器进行平衡分析，根据分析结果拟合出产物分布的计算公式。通过危险废物热解焚烧多功能试验台进行试验，试验结果验证了计算公式的可靠性，从而通过公式可直接预测医疗垃圾中典型组分输液器热解后的各产物百分含量。     

基于改进自由体积和无规因子贡献的聚合物热力学模型

给出了一个基于改进的自由体积和无规因子的聚合物溶液热力学模型，其无规因子项(NRF)用来描述聚合物溶液中聚合物与溶剂的局部交互作用对剩余Gibbs自由能的贡献，改进的自由体积项(Entropic-FV)用来描述聚合物溶液的混合效应对剩余Gibbs自由能的贡献。文中对45组二元聚合物与溶剂体系进行了关联计算，并与Zafarani-Moattar模型，Flory-Huggins模型和UNIFAC-FV模型的计算结果进行了比较，其平均绝对误差分别为1．910％，2．465％，3．738％和10．149％。     

改进的扩散自由体积模型及其在凝胶和固定化细胞中的应用(Ⅱ)实验数据的关联

应用本文(I)报建立起来的改进的扩散自由体积模型,对聚丙烯酰胺凝胶及其固定化酵母细胞中葡萄糖和(或)乙醇的有效扩散系数与凝胶的单体浓度、交联度、温度和细胞浓度分别进行关联,定性解释和定量关联都令人满意,说明了该模型的适用性.     

Continuous emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate. II Operation in a single Couette–Taylor vortex flow reactor using sodium lauryl sulfate as emulsifier

Continuous emulsion polymerizations of vinyl acetate were conducted at 50°C in a single continuous Couette–Taylor vortex flow reactor (CCTVFR) using sodium lauryl sulfate as emulsifier and potassium persulfate as initiator. The polymerization can be carried out very smoothly and stably, but the steady‐state monomer conversion attained in a CCTVFR is not as high as that in a plug flow reactor (PFR), but only slightly higher than that in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR), even if the Taylor number is adjusted to an optimum value. Also, the effects of operating variables, such as the emulsifier, initiator, and monomer concentrations in the feed and the mean residence time on the kinetic behaviors were almost the same as those observed in a CSTR. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2755–2762, 2002     

氧化锌分散体光反应产生的自由基中间体

溶液中光诱导的电子转移反应已进行了大量的研究。而半导体粉末在水相或非水溶剂中的光化学研究也与自俱增。这种光化学与成像体系、太阳能转换以及光催化或污物的光降解有关。因此,越来越引起人们的重视。 Harbour和Hair用自旋捕捉技术研究了在ZnO-H_2O的分散体系中光合成过氧化氢,并检测到羟基自由基。他们认为氧化锌可能通过水的氧化将O_2还原成H_2O_2,从而使太阳能转换成化学能。人们自然会想到ZnO在其它溶剂中是否-也能观察到溶剂光氧化     

含活性硅氧烷型大分子改性剂BA-MMA-VTES的合成与表征

针对弱极性天然/丁苯橡胶复合体系,从分子设计的角度出发,选择乙烯基三乙氧基硅氧烷(VTES)、丙烯酸丁酯(BA)、甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)为单体,通过自由基溶液聚合并优化了反应条件:在85℃和115℃分别加入两种不同量的引发剂BPO和DCP,均保温反应2h,合成了三元共聚物BA-MMA-VTES大分子表面改性剂,用于纳米碳化硅、氮化硅陶瓷粉体的表面改性。采用FTIR、NMR、GPC、DSC、TGA等对所合成的三元共聚物的结构、性质和数均相对分子质量进行了分析和表征。通过FTIR、NMR测试结果,证实了BA-MMA-VTES三元共聚物的结构;通过GPC测试,证明BA-MMA-VTES三元共聚物的数均相对分子质量控制在3000～10000;DSC显示合成的大分子只有一个Tg,在3.3℃左右,表明它是无规共聚物,柔性适中;TGA显示三元共聚物主要热分解区间在280～500℃,热稳定性良好。